Chapter 2: Footnotes
1 Luce Irigaray, Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche Trans. Gillian C. Gill (New York, 1991), p. 152.
2 See John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 (Chicago, 1983), pp. 9-22; Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1991), pp. 37-61; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, vol. 1 of The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York, 1978), pp. 77-131, David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago, 1988), pp. 400-11; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' "Discovery" of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society" in Framing Disease, eds. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ, 1992), pp. 104-25; and Paul Robinson, Modernization of Sex, (Ithaca,1989), pp. 1-41.
3 George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay World, 1890-1940 (New York, 1994), p. 98.
4 Chauncey, pp. 121-7.
5 Hansen, pp. 123-5.
6 Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (New York, 1965) pp. 61-7.
7 Jonathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995), p. 112.
8 Robert Latou Dickinson Papers, Box 4.
9 Ibid., Box 11.
10 Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s" Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 436.
11 Greenberg, pp. 400-11
12 Havelock Ellis in Robert Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, 1931), p. vii.
13 See Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex , Second Edition (Philadelphia, 1931); Minton, pp. 436-7, and Paul Robinson, Modernization of Sex (Ithaca,1989), pp. 1-41.
14 Ibid.
15 Robinson, p. 15.
16 Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, pp. 87-88.
17 Richard von Krafft-Ebing saw homosexuality as a functional sign of degeneracy. He believed homosexuality should be decriminalized as well, but was considerably less interested in sexual freedom than Havelock Ellis. As one of the earliest sexologists, his monograph, Psychopathia Sexualis, was initially published in 1886 in Stuttgart, Germany. See Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, pp. 285-297.
18 Greenberg, p. 411.
19 Robinson, pp. 1-11.
20 Ibid.
21 Jonathan Ned Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians & Gay Men in the U. S. A. (New York, 1992), p. 139.
22 Havelock Ellis, "Sexual Inversion in Women" Alienist and Neurologist (1895), segment reprinted in Katz, Gay American History , p. 139.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Greenberg, pp. 400-11 and Robinson, pp. 1-11
26 Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2.
27 Ellis, "Sexual Inversion in Women".
28 Ibid.
29 Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, 1931), and The Single Woman: A Medical Study in Sex Education (Baltimore, 1934); Robert Latou Dickinson, "Doctor as Marriage Counselor", Robert Latou Dickinson Papers. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University, Box 11-12.
30 Havelock Ellis, A Thousand Marriages, p. ix.
31 Ibid.
32 James Reed, From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and American Society Since 1830 (New York, 1978), p. 184.
33 Ibid., pp. 181-4.
34 Minton, p. 438.
35 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman.
36 Ibid., pp. 203-4.
37 Ibid., p. 203.
38 Ibid., p. 213.
39 Ibid., p. 203.
40 Ibid., p. 211.
41 Dickinson, Robert. "Martial Maladjustment: The Business of Preventive Gynecology," Long Island Medical Journal 2 (1908): 2.
42 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 211-2.
43 Ibid.
44 Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison, WI, 1989), pp. 19-42
45 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 211-2.
46 Ibid., p. 212.
47 Ibid., p. 214.
48 Ibid., p. 205.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid., pp. 205-6.
51 This particular medical construction, the "unhappy homosexual", had its roots in the sexological work that was being disseminated in this period. It is an image that has persisted even until the present day.
52 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 214-22.
53 Ibid., pp. 214-6.
54 Ibid., pp. 214-5.
55 Ibid., p. 76.
56 Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 3, pp. 189-91, 249-56.
57 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 214-6.
58 Sexual deviance was linked with contamination both of the individual body and the social order during the late nineteenth century. This particular medical perspective was exemplified in discussions of venereal disease. See Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (New York, 1987), pp. 5-6.
59 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 214-6.
60 Ibid., p. 215.
61 An inflammation of a mucous membrane that Dickinson believed was caused by "vulvar irritation" during masturbatory or homosexual sex.
62 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, p. 215.
63 Ibid., pp. 214-6.
64 Ibid., p. 216.
65 Robert L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their Significance," American Gynecology 1(1902): 225-7, 248-53.
66 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, p. 214.
67 Ibid., p. 203.
68 Ibid., pp. 203-22.
69 Ibid., p. 214.
70 Ibid., p. 222.
71 Ibid., pp. 422-5.
72 Robert Latou Dickinson Papers, Box 6, Fd 10.
73 A pseudonym. For more on "Miss Jan Gay" see Minton, pp. 436-42.
74 Many of the members of the Committee were the principle advocates for the medical model of homosexuality in America. Eugen Kahn, Adolph Meyer, George Henry, and Clifford Beers were major figures in American psychiatry who were interested in applying there psychiatric perspective to manage a wide range of social "problems."
75 Minton, pp. 435-58.
76 Robert L. Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," in George W. Henry, Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Pattern (New York, 1948), pp. 1069-99.
77 Roentgen rays are the electromagnetic phenomenon we now call x-rays.
78 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1069.
79 The source for all illustrations in this chapter is the Robert Latou Dickinson Papers.
80 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1076.
81 Ibid., pp. 1076-7.
82 Ibid., p. 1081.
83 Ibid., p. 1097.
84 Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their Significance," p. 244.
85 Audrey Smedly, Race in North America (Oxford, 1993), pp. 231-52.
86 Siobhan Sommerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 264-6.
87 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1097.
88 Ibid.
89 For further methodological considerations and historical iconographies of race and sexual deviance in relation to the construction female sexuality see Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, NY, 1983), pp. 76-108.
90 Sommerville, p. 265.
91 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," pp. 1081-2.
92 Ibid., p. 1082.
93 Ibid.
94 For a discussion of how phrenology and other scientific readings of the body surface played a large part in the construction of racialized and/or criminalized bodies please see George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (Madison, WI, 1978), pp. 27-30; and Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York, 1981), pp. 92-8.
95 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1073.
96 Ibid., p. 1082.
97 Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, p.435.
2 See John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States, 1940-1970 (Chicago, 1983), pp. 9-22; Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1991), pp. 37-61; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, vol. 1 of The History of Sexuality, trans. Robert Hurley (New York, 1978), pp. 77-131, David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago, 1988), pp. 400-11; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' "Discovery" of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society" in Framing Disease, eds. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ, 1992), pp. 104-25; and Paul Robinson, Modernization of Sex, (Ithaca,1989), pp. 1-41.
3 George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay World, 1890-1940 (New York, 1994), p. 98.
4 Chauncey, pp. 121-7.
5 Hansen, pp. 123-5.
6 Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (New York, 1965) pp. 61-7.
7 Jonathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York, 1995), p. 112.
8 Robert Latou Dickinson Papers, Box 4.
9 Ibid., Box 11.
10 Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s" Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 436.
11 Greenberg, pp. 400-11
12 Havelock Ellis in Robert Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, 1931), p. vii.
13 See Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex , Second Edition (Philadelphia, 1931); Minton, pp. 436-7, and Paul Robinson, Modernization of Sex (Ithaca,1989), pp. 1-41.
14 Ibid.
15 Robinson, p. 15.
16 Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality, pp. 87-88.
17 Richard von Krafft-Ebing saw homosexuality as a functional sign of degeneracy. He believed homosexuality should be decriminalized as well, but was considerably less interested in sexual freedom than Havelock Ellis. As one of the earliest sexologists, his monograph, Psychopathia Sexualis, was initially published in 1886 in Stuttgart, Germany. See Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, pp. 285-297.
18 Greenberg, p. 411.
19 Robinson, pp. 1-11.
20 Ibid.
21 Jonathan Ned Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians & Gay Men in the U. S. A. (New York, 1992), p. 139.
22 Havelock Ellis, "Sexual Inversion in Women" Alienist and Neurologist (1895), segment reprinted in Katz, Gay American History , p. 139.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Greenberg, pp. 400-11 and Robinson, pp. 1-11
26 Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2.
27 Ellis, "Sexual Inversion in Women".
28 Ibid.
29 Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, 1931), and The Single Woman: A Medical Study in Sex Education (Baltimore, 1934); Robert Latou Dickinson, "Doctor as Marriage Counselor", Robert Latou Dickinson Papers. Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Harvard University, Box 11-12.
30 Havelock Ellis, A Thousand Marriages, p. ix.
31 Ibid.
32 James Reed, From Private Vice to Public Virtue: The Birth Control Movement and American Society Since 1830 (New York, 1978), p. 184.
33 Ibid., pp. 181-4.
34 Minton, p. 438.
35 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman.
36 Ibid., pp. 203-4.
37 Ibid., p. 203.
38 Ibid., p. 213.
39 Ibid., p. 203.
40 Ibid., p. 211.
41 Dickinson, Robert. "Martial Maladjustment: The Business of Preventive Gynecology," Long Island Medical Journal 2 (1908): 2.
42 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 211-2.
43 Ibid.
44 Ludmilla Jordanova, Sexual Visions: Images of Gender in Science and Medicine between the Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Madison, WI, 1989), pp. 19-42
45 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 211-2.
46 Ibid., p. 212.
47 Ibid., p. 214.
48 Ibid., p. 205.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid., pp. 205-6.
51 This particular medical construction, the "unhappy homosexual", had its roots in the sexological work that was being disseminated in this period. It is an image that has persisted even until the present day.
52 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 214-22.
53 Ibid., pp. 214-6.
54 Ibid., pp. 214-5.
55 Ibid., p. 76.
56 Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 3, pp. 189-91, 249-56.
57 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 214-6.
58 Sexual deviance was linked with contamination both of the individual body and the social order during the late nineteenth century. This particular medical perspective was exemplified in discussions of venereal disease. See Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880 (New York, 1987), pp. 5-6.
59 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, pp. 214-6.
60 Ibid., p. 215.
61 An inflammation of a mucous membrane that Dickinson believed was caused by "vulvar irritation" during masturbatory or homosexual sex.
62 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, p. 215.
63 Ibid., pp. 214-6.
64 Ibid., p. 216.
65 Robert L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their Significance," American Gynecology 1(1902): 225-7, 248-53.
66 Dickinson and Beam, The Single Woman, p. 214.
67 Ibid., p. 203.
68 Ibid., pp. 203-22.
69 Ibid., p. 214.
70 Ibid., p. 222.
71 Ibid., pp. 422-5.
72 Robert Latou Dickinson Papers, Box 6, Fd 10.
73 A pseudonym. For more on "Miss Jan Gay" see Minton, pp. 436-42.
74 Many of the members of the Committee were the principle advocates for the medical model of homosexuality in America. Eugen Kahn, Adolph Meyer, George Henry, and Clifford Beers were major figures in American psychiatry who were interested in applying there psychiatric perspective to manage a wide range of social "problems."
75 Minton, pp. 435-58.
76 Robert L. Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," in George W. Henry, Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Pattern (New York, 1948), pp. 1069-99.
77 Roentgen rays are the electromagnetic phenomenon we now call x-rays.
78 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1069.
79 The source for all illustrations in this chapter is the Robert Latou Dickinson Papers.
80 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1076.
81 Ibid., pp. 1076-7.
82 Ibid., p. 1081.
83 Ibid., p. 1097.
84 Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their Significance," p. 244.
85 Audrey Smedly, Race in North America (Oxford, 1993), pp. 231-52.
86 Siobhan Sommerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 264-6.
87 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1097.
88 Ibid.
89 For further methodological considerations and historical iconographies of race and sexual deviance in relation to the construction female sexuality see Sander Gilman, Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness (Ithaca, NY, 1983), pp. 76-108.
90 Sommerville, p. 265.
91 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," pp. 1081-2.
92 Ibid., p. 1082.
93 Ibid.
94 For a discussion of how phrenology and other scientific readings of the body surface played a large part in the construction of racialized and/or criminalized bodies please see George L. Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (Madison, WI, 1978), pp. 27-30; and Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York, 1981), pp. 92-8.
95 Dickinson, "Gynecology of Homosexuality," p. 1073.
96 Ibid., p. 1082.
97 Dickinson and Beam, A Thousand Marriages, p.435.
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