Chapter 3: Footnotes
1. Luce Irigaray, The Irigaray Reader, ed. Margaret Whitford (Cambridge, MA, 1991), p. 120.
2. See Robert L. Dickinson, “A Program for American Gynecology,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1 (1920): 5-7.
3. For more about his investigation of marital sexuality see, Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, 1931).
4. Robert L. Dickinson, "Martial Maladjustment: The Business of Preventive Gynecology,” Long Island Medical Journal 2 (1908): 2.
5. Ibid.
6. Robert Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Francis A. Countway Library, Harvard University, Box 11.
7. Dickinson, "Martial Maladjustment,” p. 1.
8. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
9. Dickinson, "Martial Maladjustment,” p. 1.
10. Ibid.
11. The source of the illustrations presented is the eugenic manual concerning sexuality, see Herman H. Rubin, Eugenics and Sex Harmony (New York, 1943).
12. Dickinson, “Marital Maladjustment,” p. 2.
13. Robert Dickinson, “Medical Analysis of a 1000 Marriages,” Journal of the American Medical Association 97 (1931): 532.
14. Dickinson, “Martial Maladjustment,” p.1-5.
15. Ibid., p. 1.
16. Emma Goldman was an influential anarcho-socialist feminist. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was a labor organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).
17. Lois Rudnick, “The New Woman,” in 1915, The Cultural Moment, eds. Adele Heller and Lois Rudnick (New Brunswick, NJ, 1991), pp. 69-78.
18. Ibid., p. 78.
19. “Medical Analysis of a Thousand Marriages,” p. 533.
20. Ibid.
21. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
22. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (Berkeley, CA, 1985), pp. 73-4.
23. Kevles, p. 94.
24. The manuscript went through several drafts dating from the mid-thirties to the forties. See Robert Latou Dickinson Papers, Box 12.
25. Robert L. Dickinson, “Premarital Consultation” Journal of the American Medical Association 117 (1941): 1687-92.
26. Ibid., p. 1687.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., p. 1691.
29. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
30. Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (New York, 1994): p. 48-52
31. “Doctor as Marriage Counselor” Box 11, notes taken by Dickinson on a Journal of the American Medical Association article entitled “Eugenic Sterilization,” vol. 101, p. 866, September 9, 1933.
32. Robert L. Dickinson, “Birth Regulation,” Eugenics: A Journal of Race Betterment 2 (1929): 35-7.
33. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Robert L. Dickinson, “Preparation for Marriage; Instruction, Examination, Certificate” Long Island Medical Journal 7 (1913): 156.
39. Ibid., p. 156-57.
40. Robert L. Dickinson, “Conception Control,” Journal of the American Medical Association 123 (1943): 1043-4.
41. Ibid., p. 1043-46.
42. Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam,The Single Woman: A Medical Study in Sex Education (Baltimore, 1934), p. 433.
43. Ibid.
44. Robert L. Dickinson, “Control of Conception,” New York State Journal of Medicine 29 (1929): 596-602.
45. Dickinson, “Marital Maladjustment,” p. 1.
46. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., and Michel Foucault, Birth of the Clinic, Trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York, 1975), pp. 124-46.
52. Robert L. Dickinson, “Gynecology of Homosexuality,” in George W. Henry, Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Pattern (New York, 1948), pp. 1069-99.
53. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11. This passage from the 1942 manuscript of the "Doctor as Marriage Counselor" revealed his ambivalence towards the actual cause of homosexuality. Whether drawing on constitutional ideas of Havelock Ellis or Richard von Krafft-Ebing, or the newer American psychoanalytic theory, the etiology of sexual difference was not central to the medical praxis he wanted to introduce. Dickinson found ways to identify homosexuals and attempted to eliminate same-sex desire. The actual praxis of identification and medical intervention was his primary focus. Dickinson took a pragmatic approach to the elimination of same-sex eroticism.
54. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
55. Ibid., and “Premarital Consultation,” p. 1690.
56. Dickinson, “Premarital Consultation,” p. 1690.
57. Mary Poovey, “Scenes of an Indelicate Character: The Medical ‘Treatment’ of Victorian Women,” in The Making of the Modern Body, eds. Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur (Berkeley, CA, 1987), pp. 137-56.
58. Dickinson, “Premarital Consultation,” p. 1690.
59. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
2. See Robert L. Dickinson, “A Program for American Gynecology,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1 (1920): 5-7.
3. For more about his investigation of marital sexuality see, Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam, A Thousand Marriages: A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment (Baltimore, 1931).
4. Robert L. Dickinson, "Martial Maladjustment: The Business of Preventive Gynecology,” Long Island Medical Journal 2 (1908): 2.
5. Ibid.
6. Robert Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Francis A. Countway Library, Harvard University, Box 11.
7. Dickinson, "Martial Maladjustment,” p. 1.
8. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
9. Dickinson, "Martial Maladjustment,” p. 1.
10. Ibid.
11. The source of the illustrations presented is the eugenic manual concerning sexuality, see Herman H. Rubin, Eugenics and Sex Harmony (New York, 1943).
12. Dickinson, “Marital Maladjustment,” p. 2.
13. Robert Dickinson, “Medical Analysis of a 1000 Marriages,” Journal of the American Medical Association 97 (1931): 532.
14. Dickinson, “Martial Maladjustment,” p.1-5.
15. Ibid., p. 1.
16. Emma Goldman was an influential anarcho-socialist feminist. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was a labor organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).
17. Lois Rudnick, “The New Woman,” in 1915, The Cultural Moment, eds. Adele Heller and Lois Rudnick (New Brunswick, NJ, 1991), pp. 69-78.
18. Ibid., p. 78.
19. “Medical Analysis of a Thousand Marriages,” p. 533.
20. Ibid.
21. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
22. Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (Berkeley, CA, 1985), pp. 73-4.
23. Kevles, p. 94.
24. The manuscript went through several drafts dating from the mid-thirties to the forties. See Robert Latou Dickinson Papers, Box 12.
25. Robert L. Dickinson, “Premarital Consultation” Journal of the American Medical Association 117 (1941): 1687-92.
26. Ibid., p. 1687.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., p. 1691.
29. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
30. Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (New York, 1994): p. 48-52
31. “Doctor as Marriage Counselor” Box 11, notes taken by Dickinson on a Journal of the American Medical Association article entitled “Eugenic Sterilization,” vol. 101, p. 866, September 9, 1933.
32. Robert L. Dickinson, “Birth Regulation,” Eugenics: A Journal of Race Betterment 2 (1929): 35-7.
33. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Robert L. Dickinson, “Preparation for Marriage; Instruction, Examination, Certificate” Long Island Medical Journal 7 (1913): 156.
39. Ibid., p. 156-57.
40. Robert L. Dickinson, “Conception Control,” Journal of the American Medical Association 123 (1943): 1043-4.
41. Ibid., p. 1043-46.
42. Robert Latou Dickinson and Lura Beam,The Single Woman: A Medical Study in Sex Education (Baltimore, 1934), p. 433.
43. Ibid.
44. Robert L. Dickinson, “Control of Conception,” New York State Journal of Medicine 29 (1929): 596-602.
45. Dickinson, “Marital Maladjustment,” p. 1.
46. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., and Michel Foucault, Birth of the Clinic, Trans. A. M. Sheridan Smith (New York, 1975), pp. 124-46.
52. Robert L. Dickinson, “Gynecology of Homosexuality,” in George W. Henry, Sex Variants: A Study of Homosexual Pattern (New York, 1948), pp. 1069-99.
53. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11. This passage from the 1942 manuscript of the "Doctor as Marriage Counselor" revealed his ambivalence towards the actual cause of homosexuality. Whether drawing on constitutional ideas of Havelock Ellis or Richard von Krafft-Ebing, or the newer American psychoanalytic theory, the etiology of sexual difference was not central to the medical praxis he wanted to introduce. Dickinson found ways to identify homosexuals and attempted to eliminate same-sex desire. The actual praxis of identification and medical intervention was his primary focus. Dickinson took a pragmatic approach to the elimination of same-sex eroticism.
54. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
55. Ibid., and “Premarital Consultation,” p. 1690.
56. Dickinson, “Premarital Consultation,” p. 1690.
57. Mary Poovey, “Scenes of an Indelicate Character: The Medical ‘Treatment’ of Victorian Women,” in The Making of the Modern Body, eds. Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur (Berkeley, CA, 1987), pp. 137-56.
58. Dickinson, “Premarital Consultation,” p. 1690.
59. Dickinson, “Doctor as Marriage Counselor,” Robert L. Dickinson Papers, Box 11.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
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